1. HOW DOES GOD DESIGN AND BUILD THE UNIVERSE?¹⁾

Scientific progress is usually measured in tiny steps. We build our understanding of the world slowly. Once in a great while, however, a scientist will make a big step forward that explains a scientific truth. When that happens our understanding of the world maybe changed to become new forever

1.1 INTRODUCTION

When we were young, remember one night playing with friends questioning occasionally ; " Who could count the number of stars in the sky?"

Experience of Carl Sagan the director of NASA; We give little thought, except for children who want to know what a black hole looks like, what is the smallest piece of matter, why we remember the past and not the future, ..... why there is a universe? Most of parents and teachers are uncomfortable with issues like these, because they so vividly expose the limitations of human understanding ²⁾. ( * pp. ix )

Scientist's answer for the first question above, the number of stars in the sky: The sun, the earth, the moon, Mercurius, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune & Pluto stars, those are The Solar System which are found in The "Bima Sakti" (Milky Way) galaxy; In our galaxy, the same with another galaxies, are found the number of 100 billion stars; In the sky are found Bima Sakti, Andromeda, .... , Spiral galaxy as many as those 100 billion too; So, the number of stars in the sky are 100 billion times 100 billion that equal to 10 thousand billion billions = 10¹⁶. And those are the universe, the earth and the sky which full of those stars, having the form not like a ball but like a "tapestry" or "dried meat", flat - due to "inflation" effect - and stay in the Vacuum/ Nothingness/ uncomparable thing.

[The writer astonishes why the number of neurons in the brain are also 100 billion, and scientist James Jean said that the process of the work of the universe is not like a "great machine " but is like our brain to think of = "great thought"].

As we shall see, these writing abstracted from the books of the world's leading cosmologist Stephen Hawking;

1. A Brief History of Time, 1988; (* its page x written as pp. x) 2. Stephen Hawking for beginners, 1996;(** its page x written as pps. x). Opening with the fundamental questions; Where did the universe come from, and where is it going? Did the universe have a beginning, and if so, what happened before then? What is the nature of time? Will it ever come to an end?

These Hawking's questions are essentially the old questions in new, more penetrating and more perspective ways; the question first posed by the Greek philosopher Aristotle 2,500 years ago; How is the universe constructed? Where is the mind? It is no wonder that up to this millennium we are still uncapable to answer those Aristotle's questions, except Hawking for the first question, that we would see ahead soon.

And Aristotle said also that the odious inequality that has hitherto been a distinguishing mark of civilization, is due to the lack of the knowledge, and the tendency to do excessively about oneself, egotism. That means if it is really that natural sciences has been saturated, to match to the wholeness capacity, Hawking certainly could answer the first question and there is no place for the egoism, due to scientist has been consensus.

Abstracted in short, in the year 1995, Hawking having the scientific approach - together with the General Relativity of Einstein, Eddington, Schr dinger & Bohr; Quantum Cosmology of H&H, George Smoot; Expanding universe of Friedmann, Hubble and many others - answering the great Greek philosopher Aristotle: "How is the universe constructed? But unfortunately he got paradoxical answers, universe have a beginning and "no boundary condition universe" mean begin less begin; In other words a beginning universe is a creation while begin less universe is not a creation begin less begin & endless end of universe; There is big bang but there is no big bang, really.

That is why he longing for the emerging of TOE (Theory Of Every thing) that could explaining it, it should in time be understandable in broad principle by every one, not just a few scientists, then we would know the mind of God.He added: "We have, as yet, had little success in predicting human behavior from mathematical equations!" ³⁾

As said by Geston Bachelard, the philosopher, that modern men would be challenged by "contra mind" problems right & wrong - good & bad unified become paradoxical facts. These paradoxical facts would become natural for our grandchildren, said by Hawking; Until his last time Einstein refused those paradox with his known aphorism: "I do not believe that God play dies with the universe" - means that the law of science is orderly, determinant, than he does not believe that the law of science is also disorder - un-determinant.

So, if our knowledge, we, may now near the end of the search for the ultimate laws of nature, then our explanations would be comprehends-able to every one, not only to scientists but ordinary people could understand it and do not involve that paradox.

Say, that the writer is an electronic engineer and I would explain the working process of a television - how could "a picture" transmitted from the transmitter station received by our TV set at home? Well, we would take one spool of yarn, then using a ballpoint to draw a bird on it; We would slip off the top yarn, then we get a string of yarn with black spots on it; As illustration, that the transmitted signal from the transmitter is this string of yarn, we would receive it then slip on the spool again, then we would get a picture of a bird as the original one. Electrical wave signal transmitted from the TV transmitter is identical with our string of yarn, conveying the signal for making raster or horizontal lines as much as 600 lines (= slip on the yarn back to the spool), picture signal (= black spot on the yarn) say, practically, is only "a brake laborer" ... with a meaning, that from the back of the CRT , cathode ray tubes, is transmitted electrons ray that hit the phosphor escence screen so that it glows, glowing white; If the electrons ray is broken, by a brake laborer, slowing the speed - then the glowing white becoming black spot. Black spots in the screen are identical with black spots of our yarn, means that a picture of the bird would be on the screen. If the changing picture of the bird is transmitted 50 frames per second that is the movie of the flying bird; If transmitted three string of yarn with green - blue - red spots, this would result in color television! Those are the technology of television being understandable in broad principle by every one.

Likewise the explanation of the construction technology of the universe and the details would be left up to the experts. Probably the giant progress in science, first, General Relativity of Einstein (=classics) that could explain cosmology, universe - macro cosmos; The second, quantum theory of Planck could explaining the very small objects, abstract - micro cosmos problems; Science is split ed into classics and quantum, and it looks like, first, it is necessary we comprehend those two in broad principles (wholeness approach) dealing the issue context of the creation of the universe:

Several decades ago, who knew Einstein's theory is only 2 scientist - Bohr & Eddington. I have the book of 500 pages of the theory given by a friend; More than 20 years I have read it but I do not understand, confused; Why? ... Because "the wholeness aproach" explanations is not oriented in the book and also in the other books none telling the wholeness orientations.

In Hawking's language: "Those theories are understandable in broad principle by every one, either scientist or general peoples". Einstein's; "The idea of sciences are essentially simple, comprehendsible to every one". At the year of 1995 one could easily found the wholeness orientation. And merely paradox with Newton's theory. According to Newton, that the falling down of the apple to the earth is due to the gravitational force of the earth.

Einstein theory predicts that there is no gravitational force. Those happenning is that the apple is not attracted by the earth, but the apple slides down into the earth environment. Einstein theory explains the correlation between matter and space He found, that matter informs the space how to bend and then the space informs the matter how to move; So there is no gravitational force as explained by Newton. The space around the earth, the matter with the great mass, would bending it likes a "horn" or "cone" as shown by figure 1.; The greater of the mass would become the longer, bigger and greater the mouth of the cone then the slipway of the apple/ stars would be more faster.

As illustration, while time goes on, due to the much number of matter in the sky - trapped stars, and slide down stars into the "cone" of the black hole of the dark matter, then the longer the time the greater the mass of the matter and the more the slipway stars, even the light is trapped also. The more darker of the matter the more wider of the mouth of the "horn" then probably all of the stars in the galaxy is swallowed. ... Due to the growing process, that's why it is possible accidently swallowing the universe .. not expanding but shrinkage universe that become the big crunch; Everything going back to the singularity, supreme one if the "horn" is in action, sounded; General peoples could comprehend the above, sounded horn that match with his imagination when universe collides. Look Fig. 1. ⁴⁾

Russian physicist and mathematician Alexander Friedmann threw away the cosmological constant of Einstein relativity formulae and result in an expanding universe. ..... Einstein angry, but .... and eventually realizing that with ë cosmological constant is a big mistake universe is not static. Friedmann's prediction of the expanding universe in term of the ratio Ù (omega)

A remarkable feature of the first kind of Friedmann model is that in it the universe is not infinite in space, but neither does space have any boundary. We shall see when one combines general relativity with the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics, it is possible for both space and time to be finite without any edges or boundaries. ⁵⁾ (pp. 44)

An easy way to understand these 3 problem above, perhaps we could imagine that this universe is similar to a tennis ball thrown up high; The first throw, we throwing it uphigh, that is why the ball would go down to earth immediately. The second throw with giant strength, so the ball break through the sky never come back. The third throw, thrown by an expert mathematician with infinite strength, so by this throw the ball neither does penetrate the sky nor does go down, the ball is floating in the sky ...... The tapestry/ universe is in the vacuum/ REALITY ..... At last one could only found 2 things the tapestry & the vacuum creating the matter of the universe & the gravitation ...... or .... universe & God .. the creation & the Creator.

Hawking said: "The initial rate of expansion also would have had to be chosen very precisely for the rate of expansion still to be so close to the critical rate needed to avoid re collapse. This means that the initial state of the universe must have been very carefully chosen indeed if the hot big bang model was correct right back to the beginning of time. It would be very difficult to explain why the universe should have begun in just this way, except as the act of a God who intended to create beings like us". ⁶⁾ (pp.127)

Then he said again: We do not know how many matter in this universe. As long as our investigation result in that matters found in the universe is not sufficient enough to halt the universe expansion. That is why the universe will probably expand forever. But if there is an extra dark of matter in nature which we have not yet detected, the universe is going to re-collapse. But it would be the end of the universe and the end of time itself. There is not any way in continue-ing the big crunch into a new big bang. But it is certain that if though the universe shrinkage, it will not crash down during 10 thousand million years ahead, since it has already been expanding for at least that long. ⁷⁾ (But all we can really be sure that the life span of the universe is 20 billion years; and Hawking does not agree the oscillating universe ; the writer)

An old paradox: Can God make a stone so big enough then God Himself can't lift it up? The answer of either yes or no would implied that God is not Almighty ⁸⁾ (=classical answer paradox). By orientations of "room 1" & "room 2" of Bohr, we would let dis-appear that old paradox (quantum answer). Room1; we only deal with the almighty then God is capable in making the most biggest of stone, not a problem; We will move to the other "room 2" that we only deal with God having infinite desire - having initial condition - which the stone is so big enough and like tapestry or dried meat (universe) having no boundary either its space or its time. Then having desired the tapestry slipped away into the Giant Cone (=God cannot lift it up) .... no problem. Then God making big bang again (no problem); The problem is, "Is that the initial condition consistent with the facts of our universe?". If they are consistent that's why the initial condition is right. ..... In Hawking language, no boundary proposal seems consistent with the observation of our universe.

1.3 QUANTUM THEORY

Infinite small objects; Distribution is only in quanta. (Planck, 1900). In quantum level everything is complementary pairs.

The most general physical properties of any system must be expressed in complementary pairs of variables, each of which can be better defined only at the expense of the corresponding loss of the other definition. If the definition is not complete, then they are compatible (Bohr)

The uncertainty principle & Virtual particles;

Heisenberg's uncertainty principles states that there are limits on how accurately we can observe certain physical quantities, such as position, momentum, energy and even time. This is not a limit on our measuring instrument but inherent characteristic of the universe, which does not reveal any quantity with absolute precision. ⁹⁾ (pps.136)

Particle and antiparticle ; one of each pair will have positive energy; the other will have negative energy; normally the two partners have find each other and when they do, they annihilate one another; Near the event horizon of a black hole, there will be many pairs of virtual particles.

The uncertainty principles in fact predicts that energy can continuously appear on a scale determined by Planck's constant (which is very small). But by Einstein's equation E=mc², this energy can turn into particles and anti-particles, popping in and out of existence. These are called virtual particles flickering everywhere just below the threshold of observable reality. ⁹⁾.

Schr dinger: The most elegant form of this language was an equation due to Schr dinger, the solution of which - the wave function - determines the behavior of a system particles.¹⁰⁾

In other words, in its application of the mathematical model (MM), the result fact would depend on the boundary condition (=initial conditions = self desire) applied on those Schr dinger's MM:

We have understood that MM itself is "certainty", but would result in either particle or wave is indefinite ; So, MM with boundary condition 1 result in fact of matter is certainty.

In general and short; MM (=REALITY = certainty) the Mind the Fact; Descartez' "Cogito ergo sum" = I think then I am, is also a certainty; I Mind exist, the fact of our appearance; In context with the universe:

I. MM of the universe Mind/ classics real world

Then the description as said by Mr Schr dinger himself: "If the forces and barriers encountered by each particle are known in the classical sense for a particular system, my equation can immediately be written down. The solution then gives information about the system at all points in space and at all times. Wunderbar, ya!" ... It's a Miracle! he said ... Maybe without examples shown above, probably only he himself knowing his utterance, and the one that really experts. ¹¹⁾

1.3.1 UNIVERSE HAVE A BEGINNING

Using General Relativity, Hawking & Penrose showed that the classical concept of time must have begun with a singularity at the Big Bang and thus the universe existed at one time in a hot, dense state. In 1964 measurement of the facts of the echo or big bang radiation by Penzias & Wilson. And now the detectors of Cobe I were looking at the remnant of the hot, dense state of the early universe which we call the big bang and also traced out a near perfect thermal radiation curve for a back ground temperature of 2,725 degrees C above absolute zero. ¹²⁾

Thus Universe have a beginning is scientifically right !

1.3.2 BEGINLESS UNIVERSE

Hawking said: "It has always profoundly disturbed me that if the laws of physics could break down at the beginning of the Universe, they could also breakdown anywhere else. That's why we have developed the No Boundary Proposal which removes the singularity at the beginning of the Universe.

But there is a problem with cosmology because it can not predict anything about the Universe without an assumption about the initial conditions.

Many peoples believe that this is how it should be and science should be concerned only with laws which govern how the Universe evolves in time. They feel that the initial conditions for the Universe that determine how the Universe began is a question for metaphysics or religion rather than science. ^13).

At the starting point, Einstein's General Relativity predicts a singularity and the theory breaks down. It is a classical theory and time and space can not be described by Einstein's equation when matter is crunched together at such unbelievable densities. How can physics predict the beginning of the universe if all the laws break down at the big bang ? ¹⁴⁾

The only way is using quantum theory that is capable in solving the infinite small objects and called quantum cosmology.

One thing new about cosmology, Hawking & Hartle (H&H) have used the mathematical trick of complex time to examine all possible universes that might form from the initial quantum state. Time is divided into two separate components, one imaginary and one real. Unlike real time, the imaginary component does not vanish at the big bang and the theory is thus useful at the singularity. Standard quantum mechanical procedures are then used to arrive at a wave function for the Universe.

At the beginning of the Universe was used quantum approach as stated above: II. MM of the Universe/ REALITY No Boundary Proposal Imaginary World, with imaginary time.

The No Boundary Proposal predicts a Universe that starts out in a very smooth and ordered way. It expands by inflation first, then goes over to the standard hot big bang model, further expanding to a maximum radius before collapsing to big crunch singularity in a disordered and irregular way. Real time ends at that point, but the Universe continues to be. .. ¹⁵⁾

Closed universe satisfy this restriction. They are finite but have no edges, something like the two-dimensional surface of the earth. Depicted in this way, closed universe would have a beginning and an end, and would therefore have boundaries only in real time. The imaginary component, however is continuous. So H & H make the initial and final singularities of the closed universe dissappear. ¹⁶⁾

[The writer: These above are not right, probably, there lies the paradox of Hawking had in mind, even the common sense of the non scientist would agree that the beginning of the universe verified by Noble Prize Winner Penzias & Wilson, then proved without a doubt by Cobe I : Then he explained the beginning of the universe with quantum cosmology theory perfectly. At last how could he said: "In imaginary time, there are no singularities or boundary (pp.139); However that may be, the writer highly appreciate the Hawking's "No Boundary Proposal" & "the existence of either real or imaginary time" look carefully Fig. 4 that the universe have no boundary either its space or its time, isn't it?]

Where did the universe come from ? How did the universe begin ? Mathematical calculations of Hawking involved 3 descriptions: "inflation" , "quantum fluctuation" , and "anthropic principles" ; If one could understand these last concept, one should have a very good picture of Stephen Hawking's universe.

1.3.3 ANTHROPIC

We begin with - what is anthropic? From Cogito ergo sum, I think then I am Because we are exist that's why we think or comprehending the nature the way it is. One example of the use of the anthropic principle is to "explain" why the big bang occurred about ten thousand million years ago (the existence of human being occured about one or two or three million years ago) -- it takes about that long for intelligent beings to evolves. An early generation of the stars first had to form. These stars converted some of the original hydrogen and helium into elements like carbon and oxygen, out of which we are made. The stars then exploded as supernovas, and their debris went to form other stars and planets, among them those of our solar system, which is about five thousand million years old. The first one or two thousand million years of the earth's existence were too hot for the development of anything complicated. The remaining three thousand million years or so have been taken up by the slow process of biological evolution, which has led from the simplest organisms to beings who are capable of measuring time back to the big bang. ¹⁷⁾

The laws of science as we know them at present, contain many fundamental numbers, like the size of the electric charge of the electron and the ratio of the masses of the proton and the electron. We cannot, at the moment at least, predict the values of these numbers from theory - we have to find them by observation. It maybe that one day we shall discover a complete unified theory that predicts them all. The remarkable fact is that the values of these numbers seems to have been very finely arranged to make possible the development of life. ¹⁸⁾

(These standard measure / format / norm are found in social science - HDA = science that deal with man, such as the ideal life span of the ideal Man is 120 years, ideal standard quality of human is 0,5 and their energy attained = 3x10¹⁸ joules , ...... etc)

In the late 1970s, a new concept of inflation was introduced which proposed that the universe expanded from an initial state smaller than a proton to a macroscopic size about ten meters across in only a fraction of a second. The rate of explanation was enormous. The idea could explained why is the Universe so flat like a tapestry ? Because that the mass density of the Universe is perfectly tuned to the critical value from its earliest expansion. Just remember the third throw of the tennis ball by an expert mathematician with infinite strength ... the ball is floating in the sky. But a rapid expansion at the beginning would flatten out the Universe to the critical mass density as a "dried meat", not round like a ball.

Inflation can also explain why the background radiation is so uniform. When the Universe was of infinitesimal size, all matter and energy was homogeneous, since everything was connected to everything else. As inflation took place, the homogeneity that existed at the early instant was spread across the much larger Universe, which continued to expand. Thus, when matter and radiation de-coupled about 300,000 years later, the Universe was still amazingly uniform. ¹⁹⁾

Where did the universe come from? The number of galaxy is 100 billions, with meteors & particles ; the number of matters in the universe are something like one with eighty zeroes after it = 10⁸⁰ particles in the region of the universe that we can observe. Where did they all come from? The answer is that, in quantum theory, particles can be created out of energy in the form of particle/antiparticle pairs. But that just raises the question of where the energy came from. The answer is that the total energy of the universe is exactly zero. The matter in the universe is made out of positive energy. However, the matter is all attracting itself by gravity. Two pieces of matter that are close to each other have less energy than the same two pieces a long way apart, because you have to expend energy to separate them against the gravitational force that is pulling them together. Thus, in a sense, the gravitational field has negative energy. In the case of a universe that is approximately uniform in space, one can show that this negative gravitational energy exactly cancels the positive energy represented by the matter.

So the total energy of the universe is zero. The universe can double the amount of positive matter energy and also double the negative gravitational energy without violation of the conservation of energy. This does not happen in the normal expansion of the universe in which the matter energy density goes down as the universe gets bigger. It does happen, however, in the inflationary expansion because the energy density of the super cooled state remain constant while the universe expands: when the universe doubles in size, the positive matter energy and the negative gravitational energy both double, so the total energy remains zero. During the inflationary phase, the universe increases its size by a very large amount. Thus the total amount of energy available to make particles becomes very large. ²⁰⁾

In short, the matters are from energy ......... matter energy is borrowed from the gravitational field energy. The vacuum showing quantum fluctuations. Positive energy is borrowed from the inflating gravitational field to create Universe matter. In only a fraction of a second inflation of the Universe took place. From an initial state smaller than a proton to a macroscopic size about ten metres across. It expands by inflation first, then goes over to the standard hot big bang model. ²¹⁾

The willingness of God = no boundary proposal, which predicts density variations in the early Universe due to quantum fluctuations of the vacuum; could be proved by Cobe II used a sensitive differential microwave radiometer (DMR) measuring the difference in temperature between two points; it gives the answer : "The temperature difference between point A and point B is 0.002 degrees".

This was George Smoot's project - In April 1992, made a dramatic announcement: "It now seemed possible for theorist to explain some of the structure seen in today's Universe in terms of events which took place billion of years ago". In another words one could take a photograph of the baby of the Universe at the

4. RESUME

1.4.1 UPGRADING OF HAWKING PARADOX

The explanations of the paradox of Hawking: In terms he had in minds, that one tends to think classically - there is no paradox, there is just only a single of the right one ; Those paradoxical facts would become natural for our grandchildren; He suggests that the so called imaginary time (imaginary world) is really the real time. And that what we call real time (real world) is just a figment of our imagination. So maybe what we call imaginary time is really more basic; Hawking also stated that duality of Schr dinger's wave-particle is merely only wave. That is why the second approach, quantum cosmology of the beginning of the universe that he explained perfectly was neglected; He forgot the mathematical model of Schr dinger having two boundary conditions; ²³⁾ (pp. 172, 139, 172)

Its illustrations, with the first boundary condition - Einstein Formulae - resulted in the universe (the real world) with 20 billions of life span, a picture of the first triangle of Fig. 3. Could be as in Fig. 4, illustrating the universe as a "tapestry" or "dried meat" floating in the vacuum/ REALITY .

Say that, REALITY = Nothingness is the source of the energy or of the matter of the universe, really preparing infinity energy. One could say that REALITY that build the universe with 2 boundary conditions. According to the second boundary condition " universe without boundaries either its space or its time" result in the oscillating universe that refused by Hawking also scientist Wienberg due to its entropy is infinity.

Oscillation of T = 20 billion years, ù = 10^-17 would analog Penzias & Wilson captured background radiation of the big bang, so the harmonics of the oscillating universe could be captured ù = 10^-9 that is the oscillation of the big problems that come into existence every 200 years. (1900 Einstein - 1700 Newton - 1500 Descartez - 1300 Reinascance ...)

We have understood that REALITY supply infinite energy/ matter and free; Let's try the oscillation replaced by the pictures of the first triangle finished, then replaced by the second triangle ...... and so on ...... but rotating until the last triangle stay at the left of the first triangle. But the more reliable illustration picture is as Fig. 4, there are tapestry rotating and floating in REALITY ... because of becoming a closed rotation it mean a finite thing or a finite energy of it. Please look, imagine carefully is there any boundary for the space-time? .... there is not.

Newton Principia assumed that the space is absolute, but Einstein Special Relativity Theory stated that there is no absolute thing, everything is relative to each others, classics; It means that everything is compared relative to the others in the universe, say "tapestry" in order our observation or exploration to become wholeness. Which the tapestry is floating in the vacuum/ REALITY which is capable of supplying energy/ matter any amount whatsoever, infinity, absolute, and there is non comparable to it.

Probably in quantum level, one found "THE ABSOLUTE" "As long as something refers to REALITY they are absolute right; As long as rationalities consistent with the facts they are relative right. ............. This is the end of natural science, it has matched to its wholeness, it has saturated. (As long as Hawking/ we explaining that the real world & the world hereafter are design & build by GOD/ REALITY these are absolute right; as long as Hawking explaining that "no boundary proposal" seems consistent with the observation of our universe these are the relative right.

1.4.2 THE GIANT PROGRESS OF HAWKING

1. From the Resume no1 above, concealed that Hawking explaining, in context with ordinary peoples, in fact that God design and build the real world and the world hereafter - the imaginary world (only mere imaginary, in imaginary time). The idea of "imaginary time" & "No Boundary Conditions" (= the mind of God the will or the conditions of God) - Those are the Giant Progress of Hawking! One find terribly explanations before, scientist found paradox probability, funny things .... Turtle, superstring theory.

That is why our message is splited into 4 chapters:

1. How is the universe constructed?

2. Where is the Mind?

3. What is TOE?

4. West - East live peacefully

Taufik Rusdi, 20 August 2001

NOTE:

1). Sir John Maddox, "Start of a New Frontier or ......", Time , (January 1998), Vol: ....: pp 98-99

2). Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time , Transworld Publisher Ltd. , London, 1992 , pp. ix - x.

These writing of Carl Sagan was at the year of 1987. And these NOTE was written at 17 August 2002, or, after this book is finished; It means that they represent a wholeness approach or TOE approach.

We give little thought of the world except for children; Because of either prof. Hawking or prof. Sagan are still confusing. Also either Einstein, or Newton, Galileo ... ending in ambiguity solved paradox. Paradoxical facts are taboo for SCIENTIST. The Russell Paradox could be stated :

If p is right then p is wrong, or

If p is false then p is right.

Featuring Hawking's paradox; That the universe has a beginning, but the universe is begin -less begin - endless end is right too. First is verified by Cobe I, the other verified by Cobe II.

It is better going back to the question: Whether there are ultimate limits to what human can know?

We have known as said by Hawking that the expanding universe is synchronic with the expansion/ development of the knowledge of human being (in the same arrow of time). At this time the year of 2002, the universe has expanded in 10 billions years attaining half time of its life span more or less; And the universe has come to the steady state condition; Say that a steady state = 90 % of expansion, it means that our knowledge has come to the steady state condition = "Ending Process" mean that our knowledge would increasing 3-5 % until the end of the days - 10 billions years again. Hawking does not agree with it for social sciences are stagnant, no mathematical model for prediction of human behavior. After TOE is introduced, our knowledge has attained a steady state that's why the "Russell Paradox" could be well explained now. We need not waiting our grand children who could explain it ..... featuring that those paradox are anthropic, the facts found in the universe .... similarly, at one instant a light beam acts like a wave, and at the other time it acts like a particle. ... But remember when no-one, no-mind, dealing with that light, it represent itself as nothingness - none comparable to it.

Sagan/ USA versus Hawking/ UK both are modern SCIENTIST, Cosmologist; And according to Hawking's paradox that the total energy of the universe, or the Vacuum, is exactly zero. But during the inflationary phase, the universe increases its size by a very large amount; Thus the total amount of energy available to make the universe become very large; The Vacuum/ quantum fluctuation could supply infinity of energy. Remember we have defined "the Vacuum" that fulfill the 4 conditions of surah Al-Ikhlash = GOD. .... Then as stated below by Sagan, as SCIENTIST, stated that after God created the universe - nothing for the Creator to do ...... So HE sat nothing else to do ..... 44 3 21 ....

Explanation of the "Russell Paradox":

p = [ God at one instant His energy is zero E = 0 , but at another time His energy is infinity E = ]

If p is right then p is false , or, If p is false then p is right;

If p=[E=0] is right then p=[E= ] is false, or, If p=[E= ] is false then p = [E=0] is right ! ... Then by anthropic approach, probably the Russell Paradox could be explained scientifically, isn't it?

For now, in TOE, if one could understand the mind / the willingness of God then their problems would solved!

The Vacuum, NO THING ness, is the absolute reference the chair to sit/ stand for all; NO THING ness is the chair of the universe and the atom - the very large and the very small ! Look ff.!

RESUME : With the correct anthropic principle, probably we could upgrade (islakh, aufgehoben) those two top SCIENTIST of USA & UK, and also the "Russell Paradox". Those anthropic are paradox depend on one by one of the preference of the mind; Simply, in other words " Succession, talk one by one! If not, would become paradox and disputable! "

3). Ibid. pp. 168-167.

Because of that we have found the HDA, that Hawking never heard of it, then in reality in TOE, we would then all be able to have understanding, not only, the laws that govern the universe, chemistry & biology, but also, the laws that govern humanity and Religion; And not only we have to develop the better approximation methods, but challenging us task of collecting the standard measure/ mizan of nature and social that in TOE they really emerging theoretically, showing themselves.

According to Hawking inspiration above, that our goal is , first, a complete understanding of the events around us , or, these time. According to Aristotle, Toynbee, Qur`an, Ronggowarsito that now, really a critically stressed occurred, WTC crashed into the abyss .... every body mad but none ... due to the crises of perception probably. Second, a complete understanding of our own existence that human being created through evolution of two billions years ago from sand or mud becoming one cell being ... biology .....homo erectus transform into homo sapiens more or less 2 million years ago. And now at the "Ending Process" human kind would transform into "ideal man" .... welfare for all ... rakhmatan lil `alamiin ..... world peace.

We have the task to succeed those difficult enterprise; If we do not succeed , man will destroy himself by his halfway cleverness.

4). J.P. Mc Evoy and Oscar Zarate, Stephen Hawking for Beginners, Icon Book Ltd., Cambridge, 1995, pp. 38-46.

5). Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time, Trans World Publishers Ltd. , London, 1992, pp. 45.

...... Finally, in the third kind of Friedmann model, with just the critical rate of expansion, space is flat (and therefore is also infinite).

6). Ibid. , p. 127

7). Ibid. , p. 46.

8). Stephen Hawking, A Brief Study of Time, op. cit. , p. 166

9). J.P. McEvoy , Sthephen Hawking for Beginners , op. cit. , p. 136 ... The Uncertainty principle & Virtual Particles : ...

10). Ibid. , p. 158

11). Ibid. p. 158

12). Ibid. , 168

13). Ibid. , 156

...... the No Boundary Proposal which removes the singularity at the beginning of the Universe. ... Cosmology can not predict anything about the Universe without an assumption about the initial condition; All one can say is that things are as they are now because they were as they were at an early stage. .... Many people feel that the initial conditions for the Universe that determine how the Universe began is a question for metaphysics or religion rather than science.

14). Ibid. , 153

Why do we need Quantum theory?In the big bang model of the Universe, the general theory of relativity provide a reliable program for describing the evolution of our Universe from just moments after time = 0 to the present day. However , thanks to Hawking, we now know that, at the starting point, general relativity predicts a singularity and the theory breaks down. It is a classical theory and time and space cannot be described by Einstein's equations when matter is crunched together at such un belief able densities. How can physics predict the beginning of the universe if all the laws break down at the big bang? Quantum theory must be used!

15). Ibid. , 162

17 January 1995 .... Real time ends at that point, but the Universe continues to be. ... = Universe in the imaginary time

16). Ibid. , 161

17). Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time, Ibid. , p. 124

18). Ibid. , p. 125

19).J.P. McEvoy , Stephen Hawking For Beginners, Ibid. , p. 163

20). Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time, Ibid. , p. 129

Where those material of stars, galaxy are coming from?

E = mc² , particle can be created out of energy in the form of particle - anti particle pairs = fluctuation quantum of energy. The energy of the vacuum is zero. The same, the energy of the universe = 0. Due to that the vacuum contain infinity of fluctuation quantum that's why could be taken the infinity of energy from the vacuum; We can say that the energy of the Vacuum is infinity. Then probably we could understand those

the "Russell Paradox". Look at 3) !

21). J.P. McEvoy, Stephen Hawking For Beginners, Ibid. , p. 163

Inflation was the expanded Universe from an initial state smaller than a proton to a size about ten meters across in only a fraction of a second.

22). Ibid. , pp. 167 - 168 - 169.

.... However both the big bang singularity and quantum fluctuation could be proved if very accurate absolute and extremely sensitive differential measurements were made of the cosmic background radiation. This was George Smoot's project - to look for evidence of ripples in space time of the 300 000 years old Universe. In April 1992, after more than two years of data collecting and analysis, Smoot and his team made a dramatic announcement. THe Cobe satelite had detected tiny temperature variations of the order of about one-hundred-thousandth of a degree in the background radiation.

According to computer generated plots of the entire sky, the temperature was minutely higher in the direction of the large galactic clusters and slightly lower in the great cosmic voids.

Resume : The facts happened a million, billions years ago could be photographed from just right now.

23). Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time, Ibid. , pp. 172 - 139 - 172.

The Boundary Condition -2 = Quantum Cosmology - No Boundary Proposal (The Willingness of GOD) Producing the Universe and the Here After = imaginary world = "akherat"

24). Hawking, A Brief History of Time, op. cit. , p. 125 = 18)

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HUBBLE TELESCOPE HIGH UP IN THE SKY

Edwin Hubble, at Mount Wilson Planetarium found that the galaxies in the sky are more & more apart from each other due to, the universe are spreading out always - a great discovery in the xx -th century. With his general relativity proved by Hubble , Einstein going up to this scientist astronomical mountain .... in order to look on the history of the universe

Lyman Spitzer 1946 proposing an idea of outer space telescope , Hubble telescope is twenty of years working hard of scientist & engineer ; working hard reward of one generation.

Hubble primary optical mirror is miss placed of 1/50 of one hair. The small error is enough to ruin the two billion dollars telescope. These fault because of man make mistake in using the difference metric standard measure , say, the primary mirror using Sevres standard measure , while the secondary mirror referring to atomized standard measure.

The austronouts fix them in space during two weeks ! 2 December 1993 . And now the stage was ready for the biggest mission in history ; The drama has to be opened & showed !

Hubble ‘s telescope using 2 mirrors , look at the track of the light at the figure , the second mirror guiding the light into "instrument bay" , through the hole in the middle of the main mirror. Its potency could detect the candle light at Tokyo from LA - Los Angeles.

This Hubble telescope sending photo digital to communication satellite ; Tracking objects in the sky with high accurate , by looking at the screen monitor , it is not like at the time of Hubble, long ago by peeping the telescope..

1 2 3

THE GALAXY - THE UNIVERSE ARE LIKE "FRIED EGG" FLOATING IN THE VACUUM

Einstein theory , that matter tells the space how to bent and then the space tells the matter how to moves ; the space which near the matter having large mass would be bent like a horn.

At the years of 1970, emerging a paradigm that assume that universe spread out at the beginning , t= 0+ , as large as a proton enlarge into 10 meter in diameters in a short time a , fraction of a second .

These idea solving the difficult problem in cosmology , during the years; first, why the universe is flat no curvature at all, second, why the radiation cosmic background is so uniform? With these paradigm - really we human being get into the description / world of Ilahiyah / GOD ; Due to that Hawking have explaining that the "VACUUM" is the source of the matter, gravitation, natural laws, the energy .... and the others - alias - that creating the universe is the Vacuum that is wajib wujut Allah. .. The CREATOR and the Universe is HIS creation.

EXPANDING UNIVERSE -VS- GENERAL RELATIVITY

Tele -Hubble opening a new window ; and find the answer of the question that we never think would be questioned . Such as Einstein questioned , is the universe static or dynamics ? That is guessed as static , but it is not right due to Hubble ‘s response .... Galaxies are more and more far apart , spread out, and the universe spreading out . And Einstein realize that the Lambda constat is a big mistake, universe is not static.

Look at fig.1 and fig. 2 ,general relativity plotting the space is bent like a horn and the galaxy is like a fried egg , look at the others Hubble’s photographs ; And because of "inflation" effect the universe having the same flat object like fried meat/ egg and say , stay at the top of the horn with infinite space.

Photo of Edwin Hubble beside in the far right ; Einstein beside in the far left , going to Mount Wilson to look / peep the history of the universe. Now Hubble telescope having capability to look/ photo the whole universe at the year of 5 billion years ago ; you see all of these are galaxies not a star ; If one could photographed at t=0+ ; 10 billions ago those are "inflation" processes; which in the Holy Kitab/ Qur`an stated that at t= 0+ , MY first creation , human being could not witness it !

Scientist at the Institute of Outer Space Telescope astonish , why the result calculation is paradox . ... Her son is older than his mother ? ... These must got into tunnel ..... "Warm Hole" ? Probably according the writer , that at the marginal / "inflation", one have to believe / iman - merely, Hawking said that, it is only GOD that knows , can calculated determinant , human being could not

Orion Nebulae galaxy , having mother like side ! The place of the birth of the stars . There is "Halo" material, the mixture of gas and dust powdery , around it; These cluster is the beginning of earth planet that begin being constructed , probably another earth planet is on going to be built .

At Eagle Nebulae found also hatching places of star, young stars incubated. Every star embryo is surrounded by the mixture of gas and dust powdery , around it ; These eggs supply food to that growing stars. If the weight is enough , excited a reaction for its birth , but not all of the eggs are hatched. On part of the top of Eagle is found the dense of gas & that is a star.

At the time in looking of making stars process , building element process and leasing again to outer space ; It is the same in looking the extreme rute of us.; Star is born ... and at the end of the life is dead ! The stars have life period as humanity .

Tadpole; Dying star eventually leaves a strange stamp ... bundle of blows and becoming tedpoles in the galagtic pool ... that would become the birth of the chaotic planets !

The star have life cycle, and who , anything live certainly would dye !

The dead of a star, its prognosis, at that time happened at its outer skin - cast of skin peeled and become such as a matter; Star could become a Neuton star, but this star first blown called Supernova .... making higher its light one billions time.

The dying star eventually leave a strange stamps .... tedpole that become planet without certainty track and going a stray

But a biggest star having a strange destiny ; Transform into a black hole. Hubble photograph a possible first time of these phenomena . The black hole constructed at the time of the dead of a big star collapsed - crunched ! The core forces are not sufficient to support its structure. With a very big pull forces then creating withdraw effect, absorption all of thing into. The inner object crashed into smaller thing . But having larger mass . But its mass is absolute. Nothing could escape from the black hole, even light ! The black hole peeps at the heart of the some certain galaxy. We have a program to investigate the center of electrical galaxy ..... founding beauty powdery .... we look directly classical pictures of the black hole at the center of galaxy. Ford, found the core of the galaxy that spinning with high velocity ; These galaxy have to smashed , due to, the center spin very quick ; There something holding, anchoring it ; Hubble photgraphs all of it too;

Hubble are not only looking back at the birth of the galaxy ; But also the biggest birth of the universe ; It conduct by serving a data the distance from earth to another galaxy . And the velocity of the galaxy in spreading out. Edwin Hubble treat this formulae to find when the big bang occurred ..... But why the astronomer wanted to know it? The Doctor necessary to know the old of the patient in order the diagnose is not wrong; It is the same astronomer necessary to know the age of the universe; Astronomer have believed the ages of the universe is 15 billion of years; Hubble showing a strange data ; The universe is younger than its supposition of 8 - 12 billion years . Younger than these old stars . The number are not fix . This could be said as a paradox; How could her daughter is older than the mother ? These are big problem in cosmology . We do not understand the response of the big bang. It not means that the big bang is wrong - but we not yet ready comprehend it totally. Or we do not understand at the more basics.

What will be if we arrange to aim Hubble in the very deep point ? .... I feel the number of the galaxies I see are wonderfull . These are the far-est away photograph which ever photographed by telescope ! Scientist name it - Hubble Deep Field. Every small point is a galaxy containing 100 billion of stars . There are 1500 galaxies in this photo.. Its game is to find the way to reveal this photo; To find the far and the near. Because we are not only want to observe the galaxy that ‘s far away. But because of seeing to the past .... making me mind of tunnel vision in the form that extreme totally.

COLOR BEAUTY OF NATURE, ATTRACTIVE AND TOUCH TO EVERY ONE